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Lou Henry Hoover served as the President of the Women's Division of the National Amateur Athletic Federation from its inception in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s there were a number of conflicts surrounding women's athletics: adequate resources, medical and philosophical debates regarding types of physical activity appropriate for women, appropriate attire, and the nature of competition. This latter issue often revolved around the question of whether women's athletics should mimic men's competitive model or create their own model focusing on maximum participation. What compromises allowed the Women's Division to flourish and survive until its incorporation with the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation in 1940, while the Men's Division essentially died off by 1927.
Hoover Library Source:
Lou Henry Hoover Papers. Girl Scouts and Other Organizations, boxes 33 - 43 – National
Amateur Athletic Federation
American Occupation in Haiti
In 1915 the United States invaded and occupied Haiti this lead to an ongoing guerilla war against the U.S. backed government through 1920. Tensions flared again in 1929 which led to widespread strikes and disturbances, culminating in Marines opening fire on a group of protesters, killing 12. In the wake of that incident, Hoover appointed the Forbes Commission to study the occupation of Haiti . What conditions and compromises led to the gradual withdrawal of troops, ending finally in 1934?
Hoover Library Source:
President's Commission for Study and Review of Conditions in Haiti
Online Source:
Navy Department Library:
http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/haiti_main.htm
Colorado River Compact: The Hoover Compromise
In 1922 the Colorado River Commission, chaired by Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, devised a way to fairly distribute the water of the Colorado throughout the Southwest. The resulting Colorado River Compact, known as the Hoover Compromise, allowed Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California to decide how to share the water. The Colorado River Compact paved the way for the Hoover Dam, which provided irrigation, electrical power, flood control, and recreation to the southwestern U.S.
Hoover Library Sources:
Colorado River Commission Executive Sessions, 1922
Ray Lyman Wilbur Papers, box Hoover Dam
On-line source:
Hoover On-line! Hoover Dam: http://www.ecommcode.com/hoover/hooveronline/hoover_dam/toc.html
Colorado River Resources
http://www.colorado.edu/resources/colorado_river/
Commission for Relief in Belgium : Compromise in the Midst of War
Germany invaded Belgium at the beginning of World War I. Belgium was a country dependent on food imports to feed its people, but now German occupation prevented imports by land and a British blockade prevented shipment by sea. Food supplies in Belgium were nearly exhausted by October 1914 when Belgian and American diplomats pleaded for assistance. Herbert Hoover founded the Commission for Relief in Belgium and helped negotiate a compromise with the British and the Germans allowing Belgian civilians to be fed.
Hoover Library Sources:
Herbert Hoover Pre-Commerce Papers. Subject files, boxes 31 - 32 – Commission for Relief in Belgium .
Prentiss Grey Papers, box 1 – Commission for Relief in Belgium
Online source:
Gay, George I. and H. H. Fisher, Public Relations of the Commission for Relief in Belgium , Stanford University Press, 1929. http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/CRB/CRB1-TC.htm
The Cuban Missile Crisis
During October of 1962 the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union intensified to such a degree that it seemed as if the world was on the brink of armageddon. The United States discovered that the Soviets were deploying missiles in Cuba and responded by creating a naval blockade. What compromise did President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev come up with to avoid nuclear war?
Hoover Library Sources:
America since Hoover Collection, box 3 – Cuban Missile Crisis
Herbert Hoover Post-Presidential Papers.
Subject files, box 131 – Cuba
Subject files, box 124 – Committee for the Monroe Doctrine
Online sources:
National Security Archive
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/
14 Days in October
http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/
Compromise in the Tacna-Arica Boundary Dispute
The 1883 Treaty of Ancon intended to resolve the boundary dispute between Chile and Peru , yet the border conflict continued for more than 40 years. Negotiation and arbitration failed to resolve the issues and diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken in 1901. Several times war seemed imminent, although in 1929 a compromise suggested by President Herbert Hoover resolved the conflict.
Hoover Library Sources:
Francis White Papers. Tacna-Arica Dispute
Herbert Hoover Presidential Papers. Foreign Affairs Series: Chile , Peru
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